Central problems with MAINSTREAM ECONOMICS Essay

Central problems with MAINSTREAM ECONOMICS - Essay Example There are various assumptions that are related to mainstream economics. One of them is the rational choice theory where individuals continually seek for the most cost effective means of achieving their desired goals with less reflection on the worthiness of the desired goal. The basic idea in here is individuals trying to maximize their benefits while at the same time reducing their costs. People decide on how they ought to act by making comparison of the resulting costs and benefits of their courses of action. Thus, the society in question develops a pattern of behavior in relation to these choices made. Another assumption is that of the representative agent. This refers to atypical decision maker of a given type for instance the typical firm or consumer. The notion behind this is that it is much easier to consider one typical decision maker rather than analyzing many of these different decisions (Nadeau 2009). However, economists ignore the representative agent when the differences occurring between individuals are central to the arising central point. The other assumption is that of rational expectation where the prediction of the future made by an agent of all economically relevant variables are not systematically wrong and the fact that all errors made are random. This shows that the expectations of the agents are the true statistical expected values. Much of the modeling of this modern economics explores the notion that other complicating factors have on various models. Here, individuals are viewed as units with a similar goal, which they are capable of maximizing through their rational behavior. The only difference arises in the specific objective geared towards maximization where individuals tend to maximize on their utility and firms tend to maximize on profits. There also exists a difference in the process of maximization

Essay examples --

Introduction The development of the internet has led to various milestones in the world of marketing. It has made it possible for people to defeat the challenge of physical distance. This idea is very useful for business people who are in the field of marketing their products. Cambria et al (2011) observes that there have been increased costs as far as the traditional advertisement is concerned. In addition, traditional ads only reach a limited number of people. In cases where such advertisements are made in international media stations such as the CNN, huge costs are involved. Internet marketing has come to resolve this challenge once and for all. For people or businesses that may not have the money to advertise in the traditional media such as the television and newspapers, social media is the best place to go. With the advent of hand held devices such as the smart phones and tablet computers, it is very easy to take pictures or photographs and actually share them with the world at the comfort of one’s home. This paper is focused on the whole idea of social media marketing and how photographers can optimize the opportunities that come with it. It will also address the advantages that make social networking sites more attractive than the traditional media. Social networking sites offer photographers with cheap, effective and robust chance to display their work to people across the entire globe; a property that the traditional media offers at a very high expense. Social Media Marketing â€Å"Social† media is distinct from traditional media. The former includes virtual places where people â€Å"meet† to share experiences. In this view, internet is the most impressive human discovery that ever exists. Through the support of internet, it has b... ...tional advertising. It reaches more people; it is cheap, convenient, flexible and effective. However, one condition must be fulfilled: the photographer must be ready to invest time in it. In other words, one should be active online. If more than two social media platforms are involved, this could mean that the person spends up to 6 hours in a day just promoting the product. Moreover, the effort is worth it. Strategic social media marketing could yield better results, in many cases, than the prospects if traditional advertising. Significantly, while traditional media advertisements are short-lived, social media platforms could stay as long as the post, discussion or article or is visible online. In the final analysis, photographers should be enthusiastic about the opportunity that social media and the internet provide as far as marketing of photographs is concerned.

Burmese Days: an Example of Imperialism

Burmese Days: An Example of Imperialism Nineteenth century industrialization brought new riches and power to Western Europe, driving the expansion of opportunities and the building of empires in undeveloped territories. Although the developed countries brought many modern technologies to under-developed nations, they also brought fierce racism and European arrogance. Burmese Days by George Orwell was written in 1834 as a satirical view of English imperial life in Burma. Orwell provides a realistic observation of the arrogance the English demonstrated towards the natives and how they justified their actions. Europeans brought many new technologies to the countries that they imperialized. They built railroads and other types of infrastructure, and they brought new technology in weaponry and manufacturing. However, it seems that their extreme arrogance had the most impact on the native people. Cecil Rhoads epitomizes the attitude of all Europeans when he says â€Å"I contend that we are the finest race in the world and that the more of the world we inhabit the better it is† (Hunt et al 802). Although Orwell’s characters in Burmese Days are English, the attitude was not exclusive to the English. Hunt et al discusses how King Leopold of Belgium claimed the Congo region of central Africa â€Å"inflicting on local Africans unparalleled acts of cruelty† (801). The fact that the Europeans thought themselves superior to all other races seems to give them permission to treat the native people in any manner they choose. Ellis is an example of an extreme racist in Orwell’s work. Ellis is a member of the European Club, a manager at the timber company, and is the most outspoken and obviously racist character in the novel. He spews forth a diatribe of foul language and name calling directed towards the Burmese people at every opportunity. No one can reason with him or change his attitude, as he is completely blind to any endearing qualities of the native people. He is very resentful of Flory, the protagonist, who has an affection for the Burmese and who considers Burma his home. Although Flory has a fondness towards the Burmese people, he still considers himself superior to them which is especially demonstrated through his interactions his Mistress, Ma Hla May. On the day he meets Elizabeth, when Ma Hla May shows up he tells her â€Å"Go away this instant. If you make any trouble I will afterwards take a bamboo and beat you till not one of your ribs is whole† (Orwell 87). It is doubtful that he would carry through with the beating, but the threat demonstrates his feeling of superiority. The attitudes of the English are wrong, but perhaps understandable. They assume that because the Burmese are not educated in the same manner as the English, they are not as intelligent. Since the country is not industrialized they have no ambition. Since they are mild mannered and do not fight the English (who have guns), they have surrendered to their natural place in society. Since their skin is brown instead of white, they are not beautiful. One must question how history would change if the Europeans of the 19th century and all people up to today would choose to learn and understand the cultures of others rather than pass judgments and make assumptions. Just as struggles between the upper and lower class were born from a lack of understanding for the other man’s condition in the early days of industrialization, the same is true for the times of imperialism. The English in Burmese Days have taken control of the area with no consideration to the plight of the native people. They are stronger and in their own world they are smarter. The strong dominate the weak, and the weak have no choice but to submit. One can be hopeful that strong societies will learn the rewards of building others up through education and sharing rather than tearing others down through dominance and discrimination. In the end, Burmese Days is a sad story. The protagonist, John Flory commits suicide over the loss of the woman he loves. However, the saddest part of the story is that the English never really discover the error of their superior attitude. Although these are fictional characters, it is clear that they will go through life with their self-righteous attitudes, and will never know what the Burmese can teach them. They have convinced themselves so thoroughly that their actions are justified; there is no hope for change for them, but there is still hope for us. Work Cited Hunt, Lynn et al. The Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures. Boston. Bedford/St. Martin’s. 2007. Orwell, George. Burmese Days. New York. Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc. 1950.

General Description Of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

General Description Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, SLE, is a chronic inflammatory disease that occurs when the body’s immune system attacks its own tissue and organs. Inflammation can affect many different body systems including joints, skin, kidneys, blood cells, brain, heart, and lungs. Lupus can be difficult to diagnose because the signs and symptoms, and a physical examination lead to a diagnosis. A facial rash across both cheeks resembling wings of butterfly is the most distinctive sign of lupus that occurs in many but not all cases. There is no cure for lupus and only treatments that can help control symptoms. Pathophysiology The inflammation caused by lupus can affect many areas of the body. It can cause serious kidney damage and†¦show more content†¦The bone most commonly affected is the hip. Women with lupus have an increased risk of having a miscarriage. The risk of high blood pressure known as preeclampsia during pregnancy and preterm birth increases with lupus. Doctors recommend delaying pregnancy until the disease has been under control for at least six months to reduce these complications. Lupus results from a combination of genetics and environment. Inherited predisposition may develop the disease after contact with triggers. The cause for most cases is unknown. Potential triggers include sunlight, infections, and medications. Sun exposure may bring on lupus skin lesions or trigger an internal response. An infection can initiate lupus or cause a relapse in some people. Certain types of anti-seizure medications, blood pressure medications and antibiotics can trigger lupus. The symptoms o f those with drug-induced lupus will go away once they stop taking the medication. Lupus is more common in women, African-Americans, Hispanics, and Asians and most often diagnosed between the ages of 15 and 40. Symptoms Blood and urine tests combined with signs and symptoms and a physical examination lead to a diagnosis. The most distinctive sign of lupus that occurs in many but not all cases is a facial rash across both cheeks resembling the wings of a butterfly. The most common signs and symptoms include: fatigue and fever,Show MoreRelatedPodiatry Rhuematoid Arthritis8124 Words   |  33 Pagesdiagnosis techniques, pharmacological management, physical therapeutics and surgical treatment interventions. I shall explore the expected prognosis and the key developments we can expect in the future. Aetiology and Prevalence RA is a chronic, systemic and inflammatory disease that progressively impacts peripheral joints (Panayi 2011).The damage that occurs is predominantly symmetrical and polyarthropathic (Rindfleisch Muller 2005). It affects the host’s joint synovial membranes, tendon sheathsRead MoreHesi Practice31088 Words   |  125 Pagesshortness of breath. Physical findings include bilateral crackles, a third heart sound (S3), distended neck veins, elevated blood pressure, and pitting edema of the ankles. The nurse documents the severity of pitting edema as +1. What is the best description of this type of edema? A. Barely detectable depression when the thumb is released from the swollen area; normal foot and leg contours. B. Detectable depression of less than 5 mm when the thumb is released from the swollen area; normal foot and legRead MoreGsk Annual Report 2010135604 Words   |  543 Pagesstatements Financial statements of GlaxoSmithKline plc prepared under UK GAAP 102 103 104 109 188 Shareholder information Quarterly trend Five year record Product development pipeline Share price and dividends Nature of trading market Annual General Meeting Investor relations and Registrar Taxation information for shareholders Glossary of terms Index 192 200 203 207 208 208 208 210 211 212 Underlying sales growth excludes pandemic products, Avandia and Valtrex. See page 21. CER% represents